Biology Review Sheet

1. State the 3 parts of the cell theory. All living things made up of cells, cell functional unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells.

2. List three parts that all plant and animal cells have in common. Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

3. Summarize in a chart the differences between plant and animal cells

Plant cells	Animal cells
Cell wall Chloroplasts Regular shape Large vacuoles	No cell wall No chloroplasts Irregular shape Small vacuoles Lysosomes

4. Fill in the following chart with either the organelle or function:

Organelle	Function
Mitochondria	Power house of cell (creates energy from glucose)
Cell Membrane	Controls what enters/leaves cell
Nucleus	Controls all the cell’s activities; Contains DNA
Cytoplasm	Gel in the cell – supports cell shape, medium for dissolved chemicals, keeps organelles in place
Lysosomes	Degrades wastes inside the cell
Vacuole	Used for storage or transport of materials
Endoplasmic Reticulum	Canal system for transport
Golgi body	Receives proteins and repackages them for transport
Centrioles	Function in mitosis
Ribosomes	Used in protein synthesis
Cell wall	Supports the structure of the plant cell
Chloroplasts	Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis

5. Show the direction of flow due to osmosis in the following cells:

A) B)

25% H₂O 90% salt

6. Show the direction of flow due to diffusion in the following cells:

A) B)

30% sugar 55% H₂O

7. Give the word equations for

a) Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water + energy à sugar (glucose) + oxygen

b) Cellular respiration: sugar (glucose) + oxygen à carbon dioxide + water + energy

8. Draw a cycle to show the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ à CO₂+ H₂O + energy CO₂ + H₂O + energy à C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Cellular respiration

9. What is the function of DNA and where is it located within a cell?

Controls all cell’s activities. Located inside of nucleus

10. What are the three main components of a nucleotide? Which bases form pairs?

Sugar, phosphate, base; A + T, C + G

11. Fill in the following chart:

Cell edge length	Surface Area (l x w x #sides)	Volume (l x w x h)	Ratio SA/V	Can this cell exist? Y or N
3 µm	56	27	2.1	Yes
6 µm	216	216	1.0	Yes
9 µm	486	729	0.67	No

12. What are two main problems with cells becoming too large?

Can’t feed itself or get rid of wastes fast; not enough skin

13. Place the following diagrams in the order from first to last. III, I, IV, then II

14. Identify which stage of mitosis the following occur in:

a) nuclear membrane reforms:___________________________ telophase

b) proteins and raw materials are made:___________________ interphase

c) chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell:___________________ anaphase

d) centrioles duplicate and move to ends of the cell:__________________ prophase

e) chromosomes line up at the equator:____________________________ metaphase

f) cytoplasm is divided:______________________________ cytokinesis

15. If a cell contains 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells after the cell undergoes mitosis? ______48 How many chromosomes are in the daughter cells after the cell undergoes meiosis? _________24

16. What type of cells does mitosis generate? _________________________________body cells

17. What type of cells does meiosis generate?__________ sex cells (gametes) Where does meiosis occur in females?_________ ovaries Where does meiosis occur in males?____________ testes

18. Define the terms haploid cell:___________________ one of each chromosome diploid cell:_________________ two of each chromosome.

19. Name and describe the 5 types of asexual reproduction. Give an example of an organism that uses each method to reproduce.

Binary fission – splits in two (bacteria)

Fragmentation – piece falls off and both regenerate (starfish)

Budding – bud grows on a parent and falls off = new offspring (yeast/hydra)

Spore formation – spores produced – released and land in a favorable environment = new organism (penicillin)

Vegetative reproduction – runners stems send out – new plants grow roots (strawberries)

20. Explain the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.

Asexual – one parent, no special cells, quick process, clones.

Sexual – two parents, specialized cells (gametes), longer process, genetic variation.

21. Give the function of the following reproductive organs:

Organ	Function
Testes (2 functions)	Produce and store sperm and make testosterone
Vas deferens	Pathway for sperm from testes to urethra
Ovaries (2 functions)	Produce, store and release ova, produce hormones
Oviduct (2 functions)	Pathway for ova from ovaries to uterus; fertilization occurs here!
Uterus	Where embryo develops
Cervix	Closes the uterus; opens during birthing

22. Explain the difference between antibiotics and vaccines.

Antibiotics kill bacteria, vaccines prevent future diseases

23. Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses in the following chart:

	Bacteria	Viruses
Nucleus?	no	no
DNA?	yes	yes
Living?	yes	No – don’t use energy, don’t reproduce on their own
Organelles?	some	none
How are they harmful to humans?	Some are, some are positive	Yes, all are harmful
Explain how they affect the function of cells in humans?	Produce poison which affects normal cell function	They inject their DNA into a cell and make the cell reproduce the virus; cells don’t work right; leads to disease
Explain how they reproduce?	Binary fission	Inject DNA into host cell. DNA instructs cell to reproduce virus not itself so virus accumulate in organism.

24. Explain why the fetus is at risk when the pregnant mother smokes cigarettes, drinks alcohol or takes prescription drugs?

What enters mom’s body can cross placental membrane and diffuse into baby.

25. Define the term “sex-linked trait.” Give two examples of sex-linked traits.

Genes carried on the X chromosome e.g. color-blindness, hemophilia, baldness.

26. What is a carrier? Can a male be a carrier or an X-linked gene? Explain why or why not.

When have one allele for sex-linked trait and one normal - heterozygous

27. Define the following terms: homozygous, heterozygous, allele, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance.

Homozygous – 2 same alleles

Heterozygous – 2 different alleles

Allele – different form of a gene

Complete dominance – one allele masks another

Incomplete dominance – neither is dominant so alleles combine to give intermediate trait

Co-dominance s – alleles share trait equally

28. Explain how you can tell if a trait exhibits incomplete dominance.

Heterozygous is intermediate trait – three different appearances possible

29. Solve the following genetics problems (show your Punnett square):

a) A man with blood type A (heterozygous) marries a woman with blood type B (heterozygous). Give the possible genotypes of their offspring.

AO cross with BO

AB, AO, BO or OO 25% of each

b) The gene for baldness is a recessive sex-linked trait. A man is bald. His wife is a carrier for the baldness gene. Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their offspring.

X^BX^b cross with X^bY

Boys: 50% X^BY normal and 50% X^bY bald

Girls: 50% X^BX^b carrier and 50% X^bX^b bald

c) Black hair in cats is dominant. Yellow hair is recessive. A heterozygous black cat mates with a homozygous yellow cat. What is the probability of them having yellow babies

Bb cross with bb

50% Bb Black

50% bb yellow

d) A yellow flower is crossed with a blue flower and green flowers are produced. Give the % genotypes and phenotypes when two green flowers are crossed.

BY cross with BY

50% YB Green

25% BB Blue and 25% YY yellow

30. Name and describe the five ways in which humans can manipulate reproduction.

invitro – ova fertilized by sperm in a Petri dish; embryo implanted in uterus

selective breeding – male and female with desired traits bred together

surrogate mother – another uterus used in another female

artificial insemination – sperm injected into female

grafting – attach bud/twig of desired plant on existing plant

31. Define the term mutation and explain the two main causes of mutations.

Mutation: change in DNA of cell

Irregular cell division

Mutagens

32. List 3 mutagens (factors that can cause mutations in human cells).

UV light, smoking, chemicals (industrial)